Tapulisistimt d ict n tseṭṭa zi tɣuriwin n usuɣel, tessers tirsal (llsas) n tmassant tatrart n usuɣel, tban-dd tiẓirt-a deg uzyen ameggaru n usatu wiss 20 di tesdawit n Tel-Aviv, aked imussnawen: Evan Zohar d Gideon Toury.
Asenti-nnes yusa-dd awerni tarezzutin n Evan Zohar jar 1970 d 1980, ttwafsarent d adlis sadu wezwel n: Tifray deg usefru amezruyan “Papers in historical poetics”.
Yuyem-dd Evan Zohar zeg imenzayen n tinmel talɣant Tarusit i d-yussin zzat nnes, iksi aṭṭas zeg iremmusen-nnes amecnaw:
- Tanseklant (Literariness)
- ilugnen inseklanen (Literary norms)
- tabaṛṛanit(Defamiliarization)
Asissen n tiẓiṛt a yecqa mayenzi iccur s iremmusen qquren, ttawyen ɣer aya d uya, mserwasen, ttemsadafen jar-asen… ad niydar cwayt zi mammec ɣar-s xezzaren ayt bab-nnes:
Tiɣuriwin tinseklanin ittxissa ad ttwaɣrent deg unegraw anseklan amatay n unamur d tdelsa d umezruy n tutlayt taswettast. S uya, asuɣel d ijj n wagraw ɣar-s tɣuni aked tussna n unamur ameswuttus.
Awarni Evan Zohar yusa-dd umrezzu Gedeon Toury yerni ɣer tiẓiṛt-a, yuca afus deg usbuɣlu-nnes, ibezzez “insist” xef usuɣel asnummal deg umcan n usuɣel asnilsan i ttuɣa yutin iẓuran deg wakud-nni, ifsar sin n idlisen ismun day-sen ixaṛṛisen-nnes:
- In Search of a Theory of Translation (1980)
- Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond (1995)
Gedeon Toury ibḍa isbdaden n usuɣel xef kraḍ n iswiren:
- Isebdaden n usenti (initial norms)
- Isebdaden zzat i usuɣel (prelimenary norms)
- Isebdaden deg usemhel n usuɣel (operational norms)
Aya ijja-t ad issers izerfan n usuɣel umi yegga:
- Azref n tyumi tanawayt (Law of growing standarization)
- Azref amekcam (Law of interference)
Tyumi tanawayt yexs ad zzay-s yini aqqa amesuɣel ittraḥ issenfal “substitute” isatalen ixef ibedd uḍris aɣbalu deg usuɣel, ittegg asfeḍ d usizdeg, ikessi awalen i yellan qqazen di tutlayt taswettust, manaya ittawi ɣer ict n tnawayt, war tettili tamamakt tiriw.
Amkcem yexs ad zzays yini taḍfart n umawal d tuskiwt d talɣa n tutlayt taɣbalut deg uḍris ittwasuɣlen.
S usegzel, tiẓiṛt-a tejja lxezrat n usufu “ fidelity ” niɣ d takrrest “betrayal ” war ttriḥent deg yiger n usuɣel.
Aṭṭas n twuriwin twaggent deg yiger a n usuɣel s teḍfart n tebridt-a, ad niydar:
- Iɣarḍayen d midden, Mizian rahou, ungal, 2020.
- MARX DI ARRIF, Mohamed Farissi d Hamza Zarraoui, tamzgunt, 2021.
Da nesrusa ijj n useqsi ad iqqim yerẓem, ma tiẓiṛt-a ad tuc ṣṣabet “ yield ” i usuɣel ɣer tmaziɣt? S ijj n wawal-nneɣni, tamaziɣt d ict n tutlayt yudrus umawal “ lexicon ” nnes, bac ad nessiriw amawal-a, ad nerni zi tdelsawin d tussnawin-nneɣni min war ɣar-neɣ yellin, niɣ ad neqqim netteg allas n tira “ rewriting ”s bla tamerniwt-nsen tamamkant “ qualitative ”.
